Cervical issues refer to conditions affecting the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. Common cervical problems include: 1. Cervical Dysplasia: Abnormal changes in cervical cells, often caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Left untreated, it can lead to cervical cancer. Regular Pap smears and HPV tests are crucial for early detection. 2. Cervicitis: Inflammation of the cervix, usually caused by infections like STIs, including chlamydia or gonorrhea. Symptoms may include abnormal discharge, pelvic pain, or bleeding between periods. 3. Cervical Cancer: A serious cancer that may cause symptoms like abnormal bleeding, pelvic pain, or pain during intercourse. It is often linked to HPV infection, making vaccination and regular screenings key for prevention. 4. Cervical Insufficiency: A condition where the cervix weakens and opens prematurely during pregnancy, which can lead to miscarriage or preterm birth. Treatment for cervical issues may include medications, minor surgical procedures, or more invasive treatments depending on the severity. Regular gynecological screenings are vital for early detection and management.